There has historically been disagreement over the use of the two primary scientific names for caecilians, Apoda and Gymnophiona.
2.
Distribution and abundance of the caecilian " Gegeneophis ramaswamii " ( Amphibia : Gymnophiona ) in southern Kerala.
3.
The three modern orders are Anura ( the frogs and toads ), Caudata ( or Urodela, the salamanders ), and Gymnophiona ( or Apoda, the caecilians ).
4.
Some specialists prefer to use the name Gymnophiona to refer to the " crown group ", that is, the group containing all modern caecilians and extinct members of these modern lineages.
5.
The latter view considers " Caudata " and " Gymnophiona " to be more closely related to amniotes ( reptiles, mammals and birds ) than to " Anura ".
6.
All modern caecilians and their closest fossil relatives are grouped as a clade, "'Apoda "', within the larger group Gymnophiona, which also includes more primitive extinct caecilian-like amphibians.
7.
"' Gymnophiona "'is the group of amphibians that includes the legless caecilians and all amphibians more closely related to them than to frogs or salamanders ( the " stem-caecilians " ).
8.
Lissamphibians consist of three living groups : the Salientia ( frogs, toads, and their extinct relatives ), the Caudata ( salamanders, newts, and their extinct relatives ), and the Gymnophiona ( the limbless caecilians and their extinct relatives ).
9.
The more limited debate ( operating on the assumption that " Amphibia " is a monophyletic clade ) is whether " Caudata " is more closely related to " Anura " ( in a shared clade called " Batrachia " the traditional view ) or to " Gymnophiona " ( suggested by research in 2005 ).
10.
"' Herpetology "'( from Greek " " herpein " " meaning " to creep " ) is the branch of zoology concerned with the study of amphibians ( including frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, and caecilians ( gymnophiona ) ) and reptiles ( including snakes, lizards, amphisbaenids, turtles, terrapins, tortoises, crocodilians, and the tuataras ).
मोबाइल