Rowan fruit are a traditional source of tannins for mordanting vegetable dyes.
2.
Both sides were toned by floating each side in a tank with the complementary colors ( cyan for the side exposed with the red negative and vice versa ) using toning chemicals or through dye mordanting.
3.
Paper or cloth is often mordanted beforehand with aluminium sulfate ( alum ) and gently laid onto the floating colors ( although methods such as Turkish " ebru " and Japanese " suminagashi " do not require mordanting ).
4.
If this is the case, the tissue should be mordanted in Zenkers solution before staining . Most texts recommend mordanting in Zenker fixative overnight at room temperature, but it can be done for 3.5 hours in a 56 to 60 degrees Celsius oven.
5.
Producing fast black in the Middle Ages was a complicated process involving multiple dyeings with woad or indigo followed by mordanting, but at the dawn of Early Modern period, a new and superior method of dyeing black dye reached Europe via Spanish conquests in the New World.
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