orthohydrogen वाक्य
उदाहरण वाक्य
मोबाइल
- Parahydrogen is in a lower energy state than is orthohydrogen.
- This is the T = 0 intercept seen in the molar energy of orthohydrogen.
- At room temperature and thermal equilibrium, thermal excitation causes hydrogen to consist of approximately 75 % orthohydrogen and 25 % parahydrogen.
- At room temperature, the proton spins of hydrogen gas are aligned 75 % of the time, resulting in " orthohydrogen " when they are.
- The triplet orthohydrogen state has total nuclear spin I = 1 so that the component along a defined axis can have the three values M I = 1, 0, or " 1.
- Each orthohydrogen energy level then has a ( nuclear ) spin degeneracy of three, meaning that it corresponds to three states of the same energy ( in the absence of a magnetic field ).
- From 1928 to 1933, Harteck was a staff scientist at the KWI f�r physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie ( KWIPC ) ( Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Elektrochemistry ) located in parahydrogen and orthohydrogen.
- Many physical and chemical properties of hydrogen depend on the parahydrogen / orthohydrogen ratio ( it often takes days or weeks at a given temperature to reach the equilibrium ratio, for which the data is usually given ).
- The factor of 3 in the partition function for orthohydrogen accounts for the spin degeneracy associated with the + 1 spin state; when equilibrium between the spin isomers is possible, then a general partition function incorporating this degeneracy difference can be written as:
- However, at the temperature of liquid hydrogen, not enough heat energy is available to produce orthohydrogen ( that is, the transition energy between forms is large enough to " freeze out " at this low temperature ), and thus the parahydrogen form predominates.
- The heat capacity of the transition is sufficient to release enough heat, as orthohydrogen converts to the lower-energy parahydrogen, to boil the hydrogen liquid to gas again, if this evolved heat is not removed with a catalyst after the gas has been cooled and condensed.
- Because of the antisymmetry-imposed restriction on possible rotational states, orthohydrogen has residual rotational energy at low temperature wherein nearly all the molecules are in the J = 1 state ( molecules in the symmetric spin-triplet state cannot fall into the lowest, symmetric rotational state ) and possesses nuclear-spin entropy due to the triplet state's threefold degeneracy.
- Since " normal " room-temperature hydrogen is a 3 : 1 ortho : para mixture, its molar residual rotational energy at low temperature is ( 3 / 4 ) x 2R? rot = 1091 J / mol, which is somewhat larger than the enthalpy of vaporization of normal hydrogen, 904 J / mol at the boiling point, T b = 20.369 K . Notably, the boiling points of parahydrogen and normal ( 3 : 1 ) hydrogen are nearly equal; for parahydrogen " H vap = 898 J / mol at T b = 20.277 K, and it follows that nearly all the residual rotational energy of orthohydrogen is retained in the liquid state.
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