Cambium and procambium are their main centres of production.
2.
Although it is composed of non-vascular parenchyma cells, it is still considered part of the vascular cylinder because it arises from the procambium as do the vascular tissues it surrounds.
3.
Phloem is produced in phases . " Primary " phloem is laid down by the apical meristem and develops from the procambium . " Secondary " phloem is laid down by the vascular cambium to the inside of the established layer ( s ) of phloem.