| 1. | Upon protonation, the unstable weak acid nitrous acid is produced.
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| 2. | Protonation helps to delocalize the otherwise trapped diiminoquinone-diaminobenzene state.
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| 3. | This positive charge comes from protonation of its free amino groups.
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| 4. | Theoretically, Auger spectra can also be utilized to distinguish between protonation states.
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| 5. | Firstly, it involves protonation of the hydroxyl group.
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| 6. | Excess acid locks the crown ether by protonation and again the complex is dethreaded.
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| 7. | It can be formed by protonation or self-ionic dissociation of hydrogen fluoride:
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| 8. | The state of protonation is usually not specified.
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| 9. | Usually ionic hydrogenation is shown to occur in two steps, starting with protonation.
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| 10. | Protonation prevents it acting as a ligand and the copper site geometry becomes trigonal planar.
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