| 1. | The puparium splits open only when the imago forces its way out.
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| 2. | Oviposition is into the egg or larva and emergence is from the puparium.
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| 3. | The change in colour of the puparium can determine the age of the pupa.
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| 4. | The fourth instar is the puparium.
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| 5. | Once it has inserted its pharate adult that usually is visible through the wall of the puparium.
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| 6. | The puparium is oval, pointed at ends ( because the larval extremities remain relatively unchanged ).
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| 7. | After three larval instars, a white pre-pupa which immediately forms a hard dark puparium.
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| 8. | Barring any disturbances to the cocoon, an adult flea will emerge from the puparium after 9 15 days.
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| 9. | During the next stage of its life cycle, the larva will molt into a pupa inside of the puparium.
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| 10. | Then, the larva puparium, a sclerotized or hardened cuticle of the last larval instar, develops into the pupa.
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