| 11. | Protonation is also an essential step in certain analytical procedures such as electrospray mass spectrometry.
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| 12. | The site of protonation can be very important, for example, for biological activity.
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| 13. | The halogen decreases the basicity of the carbonyl oxygen, thus making protonation less favorable.
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| 14. | Protonation occurs onto the sp?hybridized nitrogen.
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| 15. | Birch did not accept this conclusion and continued suggesting meta protonation of the radical anion.
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| 16. | Acid catalysis involves protonation of the bromide, converting it to a better leaving group.
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| 17. | Other hydrocarbon oxonium ions are formed by protonation or alkylation of alcohols or ethers ( ).
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| 18. | The coordination of the metal cation to the glutamate residue stabilizes the carbiocation intermediate after protonation.
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| 19. | Other investigators have thought the protonation is meta ( 1, 3 ) to the substituent.
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| 20. | Subsequently, in 1992 and 1996 Birch published twice still suggesting that meta protonation was preferred.
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