| 11. | Z-DNA formation is a dynamic process, largely controlled by the amount of supercoiling.
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| 12. | Extra helical twists are positive and lead to positive supercoiling, while subtractive twisting causes negative supercoiling.
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| 13. | Extra helical twists are positive and lead to positive supercoiling, while subtractive twisting causes negative supercoiling.
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| 14. | Mathematical expressions are used to describe supercoiling by comparing different coiled states to relaxed B-form DNA.
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| 15. | In response to supercoiling, they will assume an amount of writhe, just as if their ends were joined.
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| 16. | This is done as the phage genome supercoils and the secondary structure formed by such supercoiling attracts a primosome protein complex.
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| 17. | DNA supercoiling is important for DNA packaging within all cells, and seems to also play a role in gene expression.
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| 18. | Supercoiling, packing with histones in chromosome structures, and other such supramolecular aspects also involve " in vivo"
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| 19. | While topoisomerase IV does relax positive supercoils like DNA gyrase, it does not introduce further negative supercoiling like the latter enzyme.
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| 20. | The likely basis for this is that loops containing a break lose their supercoiling and become free to extend toward the anode.
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