| 11. | The space left behind by departing lithosphere is filled by upwelling asthenosphere.
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| 12. | This slow anomaly is considered to be a plume upwelling.
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| 13. | Large-scale upwelling is found in the Southern Ocean.
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| 14. | By alongshore winds, upwelling current flows to the coast.
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| 15. | The coastal upwelling in the south-eastern Arabian Sea occurs seasonally.
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| 16. | When El Nino starts, the upwelling diminishes and the surface waters warm.
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| 17. | Coastal zones provide nitrogen from runoff and upwelling occurs readily along the coast.
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| 18. | Natural causes include coastal upwelling and changes in wind and water circulation patterns.
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| 19. | The intrusions were formed when upwelling asthenosphere partially melted thick overlying oceanic crust.
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| 20. | It was suggested that the cause was mantle upwelling.
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