The " retrorsely spinulose midrib of the leaf can inflict most painful lacerations ".
2.
Flowers are red, with the standard 12 15 mm long; fruits are jointed and made of 2 4 spinulose articles.
3.
The leaves are rounded or kidney shaped with small spines or bristles along the margins ( spinulose ) and at the apex.
4.
The leaf margins can be entire or serrate, i . e . toothed, though they may also occasionally be spinulose-serrate, that is being toothed with small spines.
5.
The core Caryophyllineae sub-order is well-supported with numerous distinctive synapomorphies, such as : 1 ) sieve tubes of phloem with plastids with peripheral ring of proteinaceous filaments ( often with a central protein crystal ), 2 ) presence of betalains, 3 ) loss of the rpl2 intron in cpDNA, 4 ) single whorl of tepals, 5 ) pollen with spinulose and tubiliferous / punctuate exine, 6 ) placentation free-central to basal, curved embryo, and 7 ) presence of perisperm with endosperm scanty or lacking
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