A central field is always a gradient field, since defining it on one semiaxis and integrating gives an antigradient.
2.
These can be expressed in terms of the ellipse's semiaxis " A " and its eccentricity " e ",
3.
Generalizing from spheres to spheroids with an axial semiaxis a ( i . e ., the semiaxis of revolution ) and equatorial semiaxes b, the intrinsic viscosity can be written
4.
Generalizing from spheres to spheroids with an axial semiaxis a ( i . e ., the semiaxis of revolution ) and equatorial semiaxes b, the intrinsic viscosity can be written
5.
If the principal moments of the two-dimensional gyration tensor are not equal, the column will tend to elliptical cross-section will tend to buckle in the direction of the smaller semiaxis.